A Religious View on Same-sex Marriage Essay - 1867 Words

A Religious View on Same-sex Marriage The United States is a country built on a number of ideals and institutions. The moral structure of many Americans today was developed by our ancestors and the founders of this nation through the institutions that were a part of their lives. Family, religion, marriage, equality, and justice are just a few examples of the important components that provide a moral basis for our country. If any of these elements were to become too mutated, the effects on society could be devastating. Right now in the United States, one of these building blocks of society is being threatened by the possibility of a negative transformation. The building block of marriage as the sacred†¦show more content†¦According to a Pew Poll, most religious communities believe same-sex marriage and even homosexuality in general are morally wrong and do not follow their religious beliefs (Waldman, 2003). There is no major religion in the world that has ever altered the definition of marriage to include s ame-sex couples (Barlow, 2003). In general, it can be said that many religious people have strong views on same-sex marriage, declaring it wrong because of their religious beliefs. There are two main reasons why many religious groups are against same-sex marriage. The first argument is that people who are gay are not able to procreate. They do not have the correct corresponding body parts to make children (Waldman, 2003). Anyone who has taken sex education knows that humans can not reproduce without a male’s sperm and a female’s egg. Roman Catholics believe God created marriage as a lifetime union between one woman and one man with the purpose of having a loving relationship and for procreating, caring for, and teaching children (Charron Skylstad, 1996). Sex that does not occur with the intent of procreation is not approved by many faiths. In Judaism, for example, there is an important Bible passage that supports this idea. The story of Onan is about Onan sleeping with his dead brother’s wife. In order to prevent having children, Onan does not ejaculate inside of his brother’s wife. Instead he ejaculated on the ground. B ecauseShow MoreRelatedPro Gay Marriage Essay807 Words   |  4 Pagesrecognise gay marriage with full equality. The most common argument for people being against gay marriage is that it’s â€Å"not natural† for two people of the same sex to have a marriage. Opponents of gay marriage make out that the natural world that we live in created marriage however this is wrong as us the humans did. How can you argue that gay marriage is not natural when nature has very little to do with the matter itself? 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The Rational Choice Approach Free Essays

Whilst people all around the world debate over which political system is the most effective, social scientists are still in debate over which is the best way to analyse politics. Without the correct analysis of political objects how is one supposed to decide which political system or party is the most effective? It is for this reason that the way in which we analyse political objects is so important. There are many different ways to go about analysing politics. We will write a custom essay sample on The Rational Choice Approach or any similar topic only for you Order Now One main distinction to be noted is how in America the subject is called political science, whereas many European universities just call it politics. European scholars would suggest that the name political science is flawed in the sense that you cannot conduct certain political experiments. Rational choice theorists would suggest otherwise as I will explain later on in the essay. In a lecture delivered by Professor Mark Franklin at the European University Institute, he stated; â€Å"We cannot take a random sample of people and give them a new political system to see what happens† (Franklin, 2006). Debates such as these go far further than just cross-national. In this essay I intend to give a brief background to the various approaches to studying politics. I will then go on to outline the strengths and weaknesses of the rational choice approach to understanding the political, paying close attention to the definition of self-interest, using various scholars work to form a critique of the rational choice theory. The studying of politics can be dated back to the ‘Platonic era’ of ancient Greece, as early as 420 B. C. However, the departments of politics came much later. Within these departments one of the earliest forms of analysing politics was through the method of institutionalism. This involved the studying of institutions. Institutionalists looked at how institutions were formed, what they did and how they were structured. Rather than looking at philosophical questions, institutionalists concentrated on normative questions. Institutionalism was criticised for its lack of rigour as it was mainly a descriptive process. Others called it elitist and described it as â€Å"clever people telling others about their own system† (Parvin, 2013). The 1930s saw the American way of thinking revised as a result of the increasing numbers of European scholars entering America. As a result of this, and with the growing criticisms of the conventional approach, analysis took a behavioural standpoint. At the same time of behaviouralism, rational choice theorists were in writing. However, it only flourished in the 1980s. Rational choice theory involves more questioning of peoples decisions and political objectives and was a lot less descriptive. Rational choice theory, first used in the field of economics, suggests individuals are rational and therefore act in their own self-interest. They do this by weighing up the costs and benefits of a situation. It also assumes individuals are rational meaning they do not act outside the norm. Another assumption is that individuals make their decisions whilst taking into account what other individuals do, or what they believe the other individuals will do. The first weakness of the rational choice theory I wish to analyse is the assumption that all individuals are self-interested. To tackle this it is important to define being self-interested. It is often defined as one gaining pleasure from an act. However, is an act still self-interested if the person gains pleasure from helping others? If your answer is no, then what if an act pleasures one’s self whilst helping others, but also putting others at a disadvantage. Is this now self-interested again? For example, when a pressure group member of ‘fathers 4 justice’ climbs a building to encourage politicians to allow him to see his child he would be seen as self-interested. On the other hand, he is doing it in order to care for his child and give him the correct up-bringing he needs. In this instance he may not be considered self-interested. On a further note, by climbing up said building police and other services would be called out to resolve the situation. This could lead to a delayed call-out for police to attend another crime scene, putting others at a disadvantage. Does this now make the act self-interested again? From this series example it is evident that there are usually several parties affected by a particular political movement or decision. It is also evident that upon making political decisions people often have multiple incentives which may involve benefiting ones self and benefiting others, making it extremely difficult to give determine if an act is self-interested or not. Furthermore, assuming it was possible to narrow down an act to being self-interested or not, it is  impossible to say every single person is self-interested. This is outlined by the ‘black swan theory’. This theory suggests that no matter how many white swans you see, you can never rule out the possibility of there being a black swan. One strength of the rational choice theory is that it offers an explanation as to why there has been a a dramatic decrease in political participation since the middle of the 20th century, as outlined in Colin Hay’s book ‘Why we hate politics’. For example, between 1950 and 2001 electoral turnout in the UK has decreased by 24.2% (Hay, 2008: 49). Decreases in electoral turnout doesn’t stop at the UK, since the middle of the 20th century lots of countries including of the OECD countries, bar two. This decrease in political participation may be as a result of voters weighing up the costs and benefits of voting and then coming to the conclusion the costs outweigh the benefits. People feel as if their vote would count for nothing and that one vote is highly unlikely to change who forms the government. Hay goes on to deliver this point of view in the equation of [Uchosen – Uother] p Cvoting. In this equation [Uchosen – Uother] p represents the utility the voter receives if the party they vote for goes into power minus the utility received if the other party goes into power. Cvoting represents the cost of voting and the cost is always greater than the benefits to a rational individual (Hay, 2008: 50). This is further examined by Mancur Oslon in his book ‘The logic of Collective Action’. Oslon highlights how individuals do not participate, letting others put in the work and then reaping the rewards of having a strong government (Oslon, 1971). This has also been linked to the power of the minority and how they can choose to opt out of a trade union but still get the benefits, for example; an increasing wage rate. Both theories presented are easy to accept as they suggest strong explanations as to why there has been a decrease in participation. However, on a closer examination to the voting system, it may appear that there are more benefits to be earned from voting. Many people experience a feeling of pleasure from participating as they feel as if they have done a good deed. Which arguably, they have. Moreover, some people may experience a sense of pride as a result of doing something to help their country. Another point to take into account when weighing up the benefits of voting is that some people may genuinely enjoy the process. On the contrary, when weighing the costs it must be noted that the effort and inconvenience of voting isn’t the only cost in certain cases. Some individuals choose not to vote as they believe by voting they are accepting a certain party’s policies, whereas some people do not agree with any party. Others are anarchists who do not believe governments should exist. In this instance the cost would be far greater, providing further support for the rational choice theory. The rational choice theory has also allowed us to predict behaviour through its vigorous methodology. In the introduction I briefly mentioned the various views on whether or not politics can be viewed as a science. Although we may not be able to conduct experiments which involve observing people in different political systems, we can put them in situations to observe their decision making and relate it to the political. One experiment involving offering two bank robbers the opportunity to either stay quiet or hand over their accomplice saw individuals being rational. The best outcome was if they both stayed quiet and saw them both have reduced sentences, whilst if one stays quiet and the other hands the accomplice over, the accomplice will be sentenced with the one who handed him over going free. However, if they both handed each other over they would both have an increased sentence. This is part of game theory and is known as the prisoner’s dilemma. Being rational, the prisoners near enough always handed over their partner. Rational choice theorists would suggest this can be transferred to the political arena by explaining that they would act with this level of self-interest in all situations, including within the political arena. Nonetheless, it is important to note that choosing between imprisonment and who governs are two completely different scenarios. To say that individuals would act the same in both situations with little evidence to show this is somewhat illogical. For example when confronted by a woman asking you for your wallet you may decide to refuse, but when she is holding a gun to your head your answer may change. The game show whereby similar outcomes are offered to two people but instead of prison sentences, the outcome is how much money they receive is evidence of how the answer depends on what is at stake. Within this show there were always different combinations of answers with both self-interested people and people willing to share. From this essay it is clear that there are many weaknesses. However, it should not go un-noticed that one of the most influential factors that caused the increasing use of the rational choice approach was its vigour. Whilst other approaches offer mere descriptions, rational choice theory goes into deep questioning. Furthermore, the methodology is greater than any other with the use of experiments to allow for more precise, qualitative data to be recorded. On the other hand it could be argued that the use of rational choice approach ignores the study of institutions by focusing solely on the individual. All theories possess strengths and weaknesses. It is also apparent that different approaches may offer more concise measurements in different areas so it is important not to rely on one particular approach, but instead use a variety to allow for a more reliable analysis. Despite the outlined weaknesses, it has had much success in the field of economics. Some may argue that this means we should stick with it as a way of analysing politics. However, I fear that it is not plausible to simply transfer a theory from one subject to another, despite both being social sciences. This is due to the nature of politics being focused on equal distribution and fairness (in the vast majority of countries due to the democratic values resulting in a government for all the people). If people were as self-interested as the rational choice approach suggests then there would be a lot more extreme right-wing and left-wing parties present where the rich want to keep all of their money and the poor want as many benefits as possible. Instead we find a middle ground such as the liberal democrats in England. For this reason, it appears that the methodology does not compliment the ontology as no matter what experiments are carried out, none can be related to the political, as the European University Institute outlined. How to cite The Rational Choice Approach, Papers

Life of Picasso Essay Summary Example For Students

Life of Picasso Essay Summary Art represents beauty. It represents the soul and spirit of the artist. Its a form of communication that the artist can use as a substitution for words. Art has flourished the world for thousands of years and it has no intentions on stopping. One of the most important figures in modern art (Selfridge, 15) is a man by the name of Pablo Picasso. He has taken the world into many places and has enabled us to see many abstract creations through his artwork alone. (Selfridge, 20) Born on October 25, 1881, Picasso was a miracle right from the start. There were complications with birth and everyone was sure that he wasnt going to make it, but then Picassos uncle, Salvador Ruiz, was able to make this tragedy a miracle. He exhaled a puff of cigar smoke into the babys nostrils and suddenly, he joined the world of the living(Selfridge, 23). Picassos miraculous ways didnt end there. He was soon to become one of the most well known artists of all times. Picassos love for art was somewhat genetic. (Duncun, 45) His father, Jose Ruiz Blasco, was a painter as well and he loved art. Picasso was quick to express his desire for art. At the age of four, he was drawing detailed pictures with astounding results. (Duncun, 47) During school, Picasso would pay little if any attention to his work or the lecture that the teacher was giving. Instead, he spent his time making sketches of his fellow classmates. (Duncun, 52) At the age of 13, Picasso was enrolled at an art school where his father taught, and suddenly his academic habits changed. He began to apply himself to his work, showing interest in what he was doing, and his grades showed a vast improvement. (Galwitz, 92) The family moved to Malaga and on the way there they stopped at their uncle Salvadors house. While they were there, Salvador was so intrigued by Picassos work that he provided him with a studio and an allowance. (Galwitz, 95) The family moved to Barcelona and Picasso attended school at the Lota, a school of fine arts. He was beyond everyone else in the school and it wasnt much of a challenge. (Galwitz, 96) Picasso continued to paint, but he wasnt satisfied. He wanted more and had dreams to revolutionize painting. He realized that the only way of doing this would be to attend Madrids Royal Academy of San Fernando, which is well known for having the most demanding artistic training in the country. Jaffe, 113) In the fall of 1897, thats exactly what Picasso did; he enrolled. Even though he was at the greatest school, he still was finishing his work early, leaving him a lot of time on his hands. (Jaffe, 117) The school didnt work out, so Picasso went to Paris, which was one of his dreams He was able to explore the streets, cafs, and museums that Paris had to offer. An art dealer, by the name of Pere Manach, was impressed by the work he had seen of Picassos and offered him a deal. He would pay him 150 francs every month for all of the work he had completed in that time period. Selfridge, 85) Although Picasso left back to Spain, he agreed and they made arrangements to make an exchange every month. Picasso received word that a well respected art dealer named Ambroise Vollard wanted to exhibit his work, so Picasso returned to Paris for the occasion. (Selfridge, 88) The exhibit turned out to be very successful, and fifteen pieces of Picassos was purchased before the exhibit was opened. Picasso returned to Spain and continued his work there. A good friend of his named Casagemos committed suicide, which made Picasso very depressed. .u3132faf3e8247178bf1fbe60529412eb , .u3132faf3e8247178bf1fbe60529412eb .postImageUrl , .u3132faf3e8247178bf1fbe60529412eb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3132faf3e8247178bf1fbe60529412eb , .u3132faf3e8247178bf1fbe60529412eb:hover , .u3132faf3e8247178bf1fbe60529412eb:visited , .u3132faf3e8247178bf1fbe60529412eb:active { border:0!important; } .u3132faf3e8247178bf1fbe60529412eb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3132faf3e8247178bf1fbe60529412eb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3132faf3e8247178bf1fbe60529412eb:active , .u3132faf3e8247178bf1fbe60529412eb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3132faf3e8247178bf1fbe60529412eb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3132faf3e8247178bf1fbe60529412eb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3132faf3e8247178bf1fbe60529412eb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3132faf3e8247178bf1fbe60529412eb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3132faf3e8247178bf1fbe60529412eb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3132faf3e8247178bf1fbe60529412eb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3132faf3e8247178bf1fbe60529412eb .u3132faf3e8247178bf1fbe60529412eb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3132faf3e8247178bf1fbe60529412eb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Electro-Magnetic Radiation EssayHe showed his emotions through his work by painting mostly in shades of blue. This is known as his blue period, where all his subjects dealt with poverty, depression, and human struggle. (Westernbaker, 162) In 1905, Picasso met a woman named Gertrude Stein and he immediately wanted to use her in his portraits. It took him about 90 sittings and he still wasnt satisfied with the work he did of her, so he took a break and went back to Spain to introduce Olivier to his family. It was just what he needed. By the time he returned he had an idea of what he needed to do in order to complete his portrait of Gertrude. He scrambled her face and created it as an African tribal mask. This was a new idea that had never been used. Picasso refused to be frozen into a historical monument by practicing only one style(Jaffe, 44). This particular idea made lasting impressions for 20th century art. (Dunkun, 146) A certain painting that Picasso did called the Les Demoiselles d Avignon is recognized as the most important painting in the history of modern art(Selfridge, 49). It had dimensions, the human form was reassembled into pieces, and it set the stage for abstract art. During his abstract moment, Picasso met a French artist named Georges Braque, and they instantly had a connection. They experimented with each other, which led to a movement known as cubism. Cubists emphasized on the abstraction in art. These two artists solved the problem of how to represent 3 dimensions on a 2 dimensional canvas. (Selfridge, 56) Picasso was interested in trying new forms of art. He broke the normal ways of sculpting by making it more constructed. He was the one who created the worlds first collage, by gluing all sorts of objects on a background. His work was exhibited in major cities, including Munich, New York, and Vienna. (Galwitz, 138) Picasso decided to try something new, so he became involved with helping a ballet performance. He was in charge of designing the costumes and the settings for the stage. While working, he met one of the ballerinas named Olga Kokhlora and became interested in her. He was able to sweep her off her feet and love developed between the two. (Warthenbaker, 195) Picasso and Olga were married in 1918 in Paris, and had a son in 1921. With the riches Picasso was getting came prosperity, so they decided to move into a more high society area. Picasso quickly grew tired of the servants and the upscale lifestyle, so the family moved back to less elite area. Picasso grew bored of his relationship with Olga and ended up having an affair with and 18 year old named Marie Therese Walter. (Warthenbaker, 206) Picasso was asked by the Replicans to serve as director of Spains Prado Museum, and to paint a mural for the Spanish Pavilion at the Paris Worlds Fair. He accepted the offer and the work he completed were called Guernica. (Dunkun, 169) During this time the Nazi party began to take over. The Germans harassed Picasso by taking his paintings and damaging some of them pretty badly. The Nazi party prohibited the work of Picasso to be exhibited anywhere. Things didnt get any better for Picasso for a while, and he had to see a number of friends incarcerated. (Galwitz, 153) Paris was finally free from the harassment when it was liberated from the Germans. About a month after this happened, Picasso joined the Communist party. He met a painter named Francoise Gilot who was very interested in Picassos work. She was 40 years younger than he was, but they ended up moving in together. They had a son in 1947, and moved to France in 1948. This is where Picasso decided to bring back the love for ceramics had fallen apart during World War I. Picasso and Francoise had another child in 1949, and this time it was a girl, which pleased Picasso. In 1950, Picasso won the Lenon Peace Prize. In 1952, he planned to decorate a 14th century chapel in Vallauris. Picasso was a very busy man, and had little time for anything else but his work. The relationship between him and Francoise was empty, so her and the children decided to move back to Paris. Jaffe, 120) .u48313e523eb186cb33ce750e9c5531b5 , .u48313e523eb186cb33ce750e9c5531b5 .postImageUrl , .u48313e523eb186cb33ce750e9c5531b5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u48313e523eb186cb33ce750e9c5531b5 , .u48313e523eb186cb33ce750e9c5531b5:hover , .u48313e523eb186cb33ce750e9c5531b5:visited , .u48313e523eb186cb33ce750e9c5531b5:active { border:0!important; } .u48313e523eb186cb33ce750e9c5531b5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u48313e523eb186cb33ce750e9c5531b5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u48313e523eb186cb33ce750e9c5531b5:active , .u48313e523eb186cb33ce750e9c5531b5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u48313e523eb186cb33ce750e9c5531b5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u48313e523eb186cb33ce750e9c5531b5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u48313e523eb186cb33ce750e9c5531b5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u48313e523eb186cb33ce750e9c5531b5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u48313e523eb186cb33ce750e9c5531b5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u48313e523eb186cb33ce750e9c5531b5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u48313e523eb186cb33ce750e9c5531b5 .u48313e523eb186cb33ce750e9c5531b5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u48313e523eb186cb33ce750e9c5531b5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: BUSINESS LOYALTY EssayNot long after his separation, he met a model named Sylvette David and within a month, he completed around forty drawings and oils of her. This infatuation lasted until he met another woman he was interested in named Jacqueline Roque. She moved in with him, and they were married in 1961. By this time, Picasso was 80 years old, but by no means was he slowing down. (Jaffe, 124) Picassos work continued to be displayed and admired in the most elite galleries around the world. In 1965, at the age of 83, his busy life was finally catching up with him, and his health was starting to fail. He had to have gallbladder and prostate surgery, and in 1972, Picasso was admitted into a hospital due to severe pulmonary congestion. Despite his illness, he happened to have enough energy to make another painting, and write a letter to the woman he claimed to have been the only love of his life, Marie-Therese Walter. (Jaffe, 136) It was April 8, 1973 when Picasso took his final breath. He could no longer fight for his life. He left many great achievements with the world, which included 1,885 paintings; 1,228 sculptures; 2,880 ceramics; 18,095 engravings; 6,112 lithographs; and around 12,000 drawings. It is commonly thought that if a historian of the future Picassos work in the absence of any documentation, could never believe that all was created by one man, one mind(Jaffe, 44). Pablo Picasso was a genius when it came to art. He was a creator of forms, languages, myths, and beauty. He was committed to life, both the positive and negative things about it. His expressions were shown through his work and shown to the world. His art flourished in the past and hasnt stopped yet. He may be buried, but he will never die in the publics eye!