Train Brakes Report Sample Essay Example For Students

Train Brakes Report Sample Essay The intent of this study is to explicate how air brakes in trains work and why they are at that place. Throughout this study there is information on the map of the Air Brake. the history and development of the brake. The constituent stuffs used in the brake. the environmental considerations of the brake. its safety characteristics and societal deductions. The Air Brake was invented in 1869 by a adult male named George Westinghouse. It was originally designed for trains but Westinghouse so went on to develop the brake for trucks and some autos. The air brake is designed to be used as a failsafe in instance the primary brakes fail. nevertheless it can besides be used in utmost conditions to command the vehicle e. g. really steep hills. The air brake is a comparatively simple yet effectual system which is still in usage to this twenty-four hours. We will write a custom essay on Train Brakes Report Sample specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Recognitions The writer would wish to admit the aid of his instructor ————for his aid in the readying of this study. The writer would besides wish to admit Dr. Bob Wheway for his first-class usher to composing an technology study. Table of ContentssTitle PageIAbstractIAcknowledgementsIIList of Figures- 1 –Introduction- 2 –Main Sections- 3 –Historical Development- 3 –Innovation Function- 3 –Component Materials- 5 –Environmental Considerations- 6 –Social Implications- 7 –Future Considerations- 7 –Safety Considerations- 8 –Conclusion- 9 –References- 9 – List of Figures Figure 1 – A modern twenty-four hours air brake exploded diagram. Page 4 Figure 2 – a ternary valve system invented by George Westinghouse. Page 5 Introduction This study focuses on How Train Air Brakes work. the stuffs they are made from and the history of Air Brakes in Trains Train Air Brakes fundamentally work on the principal of air force per unit area. The train driver pulls a lever which activates a pipe of air normally from 65-90psi. This pipe of air tallies along all of the passenger cars of the train. When applied the air at the same time starts to pump the brake cylinder which activates the brake blocks. efficaciously halting the train. The author’s method of attack is to find how the breakage system works by researching the Breaking System and sketching its map and history. The range of this study is limited to a Year 11 High School Student. The stuffs used in this braking system include: Cast Fe ( brake shoe ) . Stainless Steel ( pipes which contain high pressured air ) . High Carbon Steel/stainless steel ( wheel ) . Main SectionsHistorical DevelopmentThe Air Brake was invented in 1869 by George Westinghouse. Before Westinghouse invented the air brake there were people on each passenger car of the train called brakemen. When person blew a whistle all of the brakemenwould at the same time use their ain brake or each passenger car. There was an earlier theoretical account of air brake called the direct air brake. but Westinghouse made the most of import find of an innovation called the three-base hit valve. This ternary valve and an subsidiary reservoir made the braking much more antiphonal and safe. Invention FunctionThe theory behind Train Air Braking systems is that they will halt a train faster and more expeditiously than any other method. Basically when the driver of the train wants to halt he activates the brake valve. This brake valve activates the chief reservoir which fills the Brake pipe with air. normally between 65-90psi. This pressured air so gets pumped into the three-base hit valve which equally distributes the flow of air to the brake cylinder which activates the brake blocks and efficaciously stops the train. The diagram below summarises the basic rule of an air brake. .udca855bea5e8c7bcf80beed5272e5894 , .udca855bea5e8c7bcf80beed5272e5894 .postImageUrl , .udca855bea5e8c7bcf80beed5272e5894 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udca855bea5e8c7bcf80beed5272e5894 , .udca855bea5e8c7bcf80beed5272e5894:hover , .udca855bea5e8c7bcf80beed5272e5894:visited , .udca855bea5e8c7bcf80beed5272e5894:active { border:0!important; } .udca855bea5e8c7bcf80beed5272e5894 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udca855bea5e8c7bcf80beed5272e5894 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udca855bea5e8c7bcf80beed5272e5894:active , .udca855bea5e8c7bcf80beed5272e5894:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udca855bea5e8c7bcf80beed5272e5894 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udca855bea5e8c7bcf80beed5272e5894 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udca855bea5e8c7bcf80beed5272e5894 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udca855bea5e8c7bcf80beed5272e5894 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udca855bea5e8c7bcf80beed5272e5894:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udca855bea5e8c7bcf80beed5272e5894 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udca855bea5e8c7bcf80beed5272e5894 .udca855bea5e8c7bcf80beed5272e5894-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udca855bea5e8c7bcf80beed5272e5894:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: In Flanders Fields EssayFigure 1 – A modern twenty-four hours air brake exploded diagram. Image taken from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. railway-technical. com/air-brakes. shtml It is of import that the air force per unit area is distributed equally throughout the train so that each passenger car breaks with the same force. It is the three-base hit valve which is responsible for guaranting that the air force per unit area is the same throughout the brake pipe. A ternary valve cross subdivision is shown below. Figure 1 – a ternary valve system invented by George Westinghouse. Image taken from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. sciencephoto. com/image/ 438296/530wm/C0115872-Westinghouse_Quick-action_triple_valve-SPL. jpg Component MaterialsThe stuffs used in this braking system include: Cast Fe ( brake shoe ) . Stainless Steel ( pipes which contain high pressured air ) and ( Brake Cylinder ) . High Carbon Steel ( wheel ) . Semi-metals ( Brake Pad ) . The stuffs used in the braking system are wholly suited to their intent within the braking system as they have the belongingss require for each portion. The braking shoe is made from dramatis personae Fe because it is really difficult and lasting. This makes it effectual as a braking shoe. The air pipes are made from unstained steel. Stainless steel is a good overall stuff and it is lasting and is able to defy the force per unit area of the air while still being inexpensive. Its advantage is that it won’t rust. Stainless steel is besides used in the brake cylinders for these similar grounds. The wheels are made of high C steel/stainless steel so they are lasting and difficult. The brake block is made out of a semi metal ( it varies depending on trains ) this is used because it is effectual in change overing kinetic energy into heat energy. One ground that air is used alternatively of a hydraulic fluid is that when the trains passenger cars have to be decoupled the hydraulic fluid would hold to be emptied out of the brake pipe. But by utilizing air alternatively of hydraulic fluid. you can uncouple the train without holding to empty the brake pipe every clip you want to alter passenger cars. There are other alternate stuffs for the system such as brass. gum elastic and ceramics. But the most commonly 1s used are as shown above this is besides due do environmental considerations. Environmental Considerations An environmental consideration installed on trains is regenerative braking. Regenerative breakage means that instead than the engine of the train being stopped while the train is interrupting it stays on and puts power back into the grid system of trains. This means that trains use less electricity. Social DeductionsAir brakes are really good as they create small to no noise when braking. This is a good societal deduction as it means that railroads can now be built closer to places without noise ailments. It besides means that trains go more appealing to be on as people can speak without holding to shout over the sound of the train. These factors make public conveyance more appealing to the populace which could ensue in more people catching trains than driving to work to assist the environment. Future Considerations There are no future considerations for Air Brakes on trains because new trains such as the magnetic train don’t need Air Brakes to run. So there is no demand to upgrade the braking system. instead merely upgrade the whole web of trains. However if trains were to increase in size there is talk of utilizing stronger stuffs than dramatis personae Fe in the brake blocks. Another thought is to Coat the dramatis personae Fe with another stuff that will make more clash between the wheels and the brake block. such as Teflon fibers. .u81d9a8c8eabd465cdcc7efc218ea617a , .u81d9a8c8eabd465cdcc7efc218ea617a .postImageUrl , .u81d9a8c8eabd465cdcc7efc218ea617a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u81d9a8c8eabd465cdcc7efc218ea617a , .u81d9a8c8eabd465cdcc7efc218ea617a:hover , .u81d9a8c8eabd465cdcc7efc218ea617a:visited , .u81d9a8c8eabd465cdcc7efc218ea617a:active { border:0!important; } .u81d9a8c8eabd465cdcc7efc218ea617a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u81d9a8c8eabd465cdcc7efc218ea617a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u81d9a8c8eabd465cdcc7efc218ea617a:active , .u81d9a8c8eabd465cdcc7efc218ea617a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u81d9a8c8eabd465cdcc7efc218ea617a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u81d9a8c8eabd465cdcc7efc218ea617a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u81d9a8c8eabd465cdcc7efc218ea617a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u81d9a8c8eabd465cdcc7efc218ea617a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u81d9a8c8eabd465cdcc7efc218ea617a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u81d9a8c8eabd465cdcc7efc218ea617a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u81d9a8c8eabd465cdcc7efc218ea617a .u81d9a8c8eabd465cdcc7efc218ea617a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u81d9a8c8eabd465cdcc7efc218ea617a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Of readie or slow speech EssaySafety ConsiderationsThe air brake is a comparatively fail safe system where non much can travel incorrect but there are methods in topographic point to protect the train if something fails. This includes a release valve in instance the air force per unit area builds up excessively much in one portion of the train. The air brake can besides be used as a safety consideration in instance the driver needs to brake difficult. The brake block can lock on the wheels which will do the train skid to a arrest. This is merely used in exigency state of affairss though. DecisionThe Air Brake has existed for more than a century and yet there has been small alteration and no better system to brake electric trains invented to this twenty-four hours. This system of braking has been rather effectual in its safety characteristics as it has saved lives. All of the stuffs used in the fabrication procedure for train brakes are used because of their specific belongingss. Each of these stuffs helps the brake to execute its intended map. This system of braking has proven to be effectual in the yesteryear and the present and still will be in the hereafter. Mentions1. hypertext transfer protocol: //auto. howstuffworks. com/auto-parts/brakes/brake-types/air-brake1. htm 2. hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Railway_air_brake3. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. alibaba. com/showroom/train-brake-pad. hypertext markup language4. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. brakecylinder. com/BrakeFAQ. htm5. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. railway-technical. com/air-brakes. shtml6. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. sciencephoto. com7. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. sdrm. org/faqs/brakes. hypertext markup language

Spains Golden Age Essay Example

Spains Golden Age Essay Example Spains Golden Age Paper Spains Golden Age Paper The concept of Spains Golden Age apply more specifically to the reign of Philip II than to the whole period 1474-1598 Philip IIs reign as king of Spain is often referred to as the golden age. A time where government was further centralised, where the economy benefited from being the centre of increased trade with the New World and where according to Geoffrey Parker the Spanish empire was the largest and richest in the world. To an extent Philips reign was exclusively golden he was the first to set up administrative functions of government in a single capital, Madrid, gold bullion reached a record level and he was successful in defending his territory. However, it is difficult to view Philip as a great monarch due to the unsustainability of his empire, which undermined his reputation, yet in respect of the whole period it is arguable whether this period was golden either as there were great consistencies between the four rulers. The El Escorial in Madrid is a remnant from a time of great cultural prosperity where both the arts and literature flourished. This impressive facade of 16th century Spain constitutes a golden age and is, to an extent, more relevant in describing Philip than the other monarchs of the period. Contrary to popular thought, Spain, through Philip, enjoyed cultural prosperity. Jocelyn Hunt states that in comparison to the other rulers of this period Philip achieved much more as a builder as shown by his improvements of the old palaces and his new buildings constructed for the state archives in Simancas. Philip was also a great supporter of the arts, being a patron to Flemish artists Van der Weyden and Bosch. Evidently this supports the argument that Philips reign culturally flourished and can be perceived as golden. However, not all the credit should go to Philip for over the whole period as well, Spain prospered. Isabella like her European counterparts was committed to intellectual development. Reliance on the letrados increased the demand for educational establishments and Universities were set up at Alcale in 1508 and at Cuenea in 1510. The reputation of the Inquisition as an over-zealous and domineering institution is a fallacy as on many occasions it was impossible to deal with the amount of literature that crossed the borders (Andres Ruiz imported 1,012 bales of books alone). It was merely a judicial body, in fact as Kamen says, the censorship of books was erratic and often only symbolic. This reputation of cultural despondency, is on the whole unjustified as Spain was not only culturally golden during Philips reign, but also throughout the whole period What taints the golden nature of Spains cultural acheivements is the image that Spain was isolated and culturally distant from the rest of Europe. Dr Johnson explained No less country was known to Europe. It is true that Spain was quite poor for between 1530 and 1560 the proportion of people registered as poor in the towns was 23%, and poverty was deeper in comparison to other Western economies, due to the chronic and structural inefficiencies. Similarly in art, the empire was seen as dull as exposed by Charles Vs melting of the golden art he acquired due to their connection with heathen idolatry. The Inquisition also gave a negative image of arts in Spain throughout this period as seen when Philip adhered to the Papal Index of Prohibited books in 1559, and it is correctly thought that there was a dominance of Catholic and Castilian culture. Nevertheless, contrary to the illusion that Spain was culturally backward, all the rulers of this period should be applauded for cultural development similar to Western Europe. This imperial facade draws a veil over the Peninsula economic problems that were apparent due to the unsustainability of empire. Yet to a certain extent, the economy thrived throughout this whole period. Many historians think that Philip was the most successful in managing his economy due to the huge amount of gold bullion coming in to his empire during his reign. Between 1591-1594, 42,221,835 ducats came in to Spain. These figures gave the impression, especially to her European neighbours, that Spain had a golden economy. Despite this immense wealth, Philip was plagued with economical problems and you could argue that he was in a weaker position than his predecessors. His bankruptcies in 1557, 1560, 1575 and 1596 were brought on by his expensive defensive wars like the Dutch revolt, for not only did it cost 80 million ducats, but revenue was lost from decreased trade. However, both successes and failures of Philips economy owe more to the whole period. Trade that was flourishing under Philip started when Ferdinand and Isabella experienced a rising population and growth in the wool trade. Cities like Burgos grew from 8,000 to 21,000 and Seville became increasingly important as all American trade came through the city before entering or leaving Europe. The House of Trade on the Guadalquivir River represented a time of boom in the mid 15th century as merchants flocked to the area, which saw more gold added to the crowns coffers. Charles V continued with these successes and therefore benefited from the increased level of gold to finance his extensive wars. Philips failures were also a result of the previous monarchs of the period. The juros, which were set up by Ferdinand and Isabella to fund their wars, was responsible for Philips huge debt, just as Charles was responsible for Philips need for an expensive defensive war and inflation. Throughout the period Murphy describes Spanish economic policy as counter-productive. For example: Wool was exported to the textile factories of the Netherlands instead of supporting the domestic textile market and the huge amount of gold entering the country simply added to inflation that was apparent due to low food supply and a rising population. Ultimately both the successes and failures of Philips economy were due to his predecessors. According to Kamen the course of Spains economic history shows few significant divergences from the experience of other nations in Europe suggesting that, even if you perceive Spain as successful in terms of economy, before and during Philips reign, it was as golden as the rest of Europe. Like the economy, monarchical control was held back by the inability to maintain an expansive empire. The desperate state of finance, as well as the backward nature of contemporary communications, limited the extent of absolutism in Spain. In spite of this, Philip had a reputation as an absolute monarch that led many to believe that he reigned during a period of strong royal control. Geoffrey Woodward talks of Philip, saying that he came to control all clerical appointments, disposed of ecclesiastical wealth and mobilised the Inquisition as an instrument of royal authority. It is true that Philip insisted that all decisions were to be passed through him, he effectively centralised government in Madrid and he limited the power of the cortes. Similarly, royal authority was strong throughout the whole period. Referring to the government of Ferdinand and Isabella, Cellorigo wrote in 1600, there can be no monarchy in our Spain as there was then. Above all, it is Ferdinand and Isabella who should be applauded for their implementation of law and order through the reconquista, leaving their successors in an stronger position. Through the increasing importance of their own laws or pragmaticas, Ferdinand and Isabella were less reliant on the cortes. Royal control expressed itself through the use of various groups like the Santa Hamandad and the appointment of more letrados as town councillors. Charles V further enhanced government influence through the various councils he set up the most important being the Council of Finance which instituted tax rises throughout the 16th century. However there are inherent limitations, which inhibited all the rulers during this period like that of inefficient communications and constantly being indebted. Despite what Kamen calls a more sophisticated system under Charles, any increases in revenue would have to be allocated to the juros repayments. These repayments were also particularly awkward for all the monarchs had to further rely on the cortes to grant servicios. The cortes could then use this to exert influence over the monarchy showing how royal control was limited. In the provinces throughout the period the power of the monarchy was not apparent as shown by the fact that 2928 posts of city councillor were sold between the years 1543 and 1584. John Lynch effectively summarises Monarchy was absolute. But its absolutism was qualified by conditions and its powers were less imposing in practise than it was in theory. This was definitely true of Philip as seen by the disaster of the Armada, as 16th century communications were desperately slow especially as every decision had to go through the king. Theoretically the monarchy of Spain was absolute yet practically, there was the fundamental weakness of the backward nature of communications and the power of the cortes, which limited royal control. The Spanish language is one of the most widespread languages in our world today, due to the legacy of the immeasurably vast and diverse empire. Surely this is the benchmark for Spains golden status, but paradoxically it was also the reason why the imposing reputation was undermined. Traditionally the golden age of Spain is most specifically associated with the vast nature and diversity of Philips empire. Francisco Ugarte de Hermosa boasted in 1655 that Since God created the world there has been no empire in it as extensive of that of Spain. The acquisition of Portuguese territories in 1580, not only increased Spanish influence in the New World, but also united the Iberian Peninsula for the first time. From this evidence Philip can be justifiably described as a golden ruler. Nevertheless, the empire was built up from Ferdinands acquisitions in North Africa, Italy and the New World, discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1494. Ferdinand and Isabella arguably succeeded in managing a controllable empire and unified Castile and Aragon, completing the reconquista. Ferdinand, through a series of marriages, succeeded in ensuring a substantial empire for his grandson Charles V. Therefore Charles has an empire spanning from the territories of the New World to parts of Flanders, Italy and Germany reinforcing the argument that Spain was golden throughout the entire period. As Philips successes of empire could be attributed to his forebearers, so could the fundamental weaknesses. The financial crisis that Philip found himself in was started by the unsustainability of Isabella and Ferdinands foreign policy. Even though they had a comparatively small empire they could not sustain it as shown when Ferdinand had to transfer his resources from occupying North African ports to Naples in Italy which was of a greater priority for him. Charles Vs Habsburg connections, which gave him this vast empire, also meant he could never be considered as a King of the golden age of Spain. Charles himself spent only 7 years in Spain and the country was simply a part of his monarquia, rather than the most important. This can be seen in the Spanish victory at St Quentin in 1557 which was essentially a Dutch army commanded by the Duke of Savoy and the Earl of Egmont. Philip was successful in defending his empire, but only at a great cost, which even the huge imports of bullion could not cover. The costs of defending Spanish lands coupled with the inflation caused Philip to claim bankruptcy on four occasions in 1557,1560,1575 and 1596. The empire was the largest in the world but the lack of resources to sustain such a monarquia undermines the golden reputation. The Spanish Armada epitomises the state of Spain during this whole period. Like the Armada Spain appeared imposing and powerful and was feared by the rest of Europe. Yet no other enterprise could have been so mismanaged with a great lack of communication and innate structural weaknesses, which caused the ultimate failure. It was this paradox that tainted Spains golden reputation. The unsustainabilty of the countrys policies throughout the whole period undermined the reputation too, as Kamen says: Spain, with its small population and weak economy did not have the resources to create or sustain great-power status status. Despite the great facade of an impressive empire, Spain during the whole period from 1474-1598, can never be described as a golden age.

Leonardo da Vincis Study of Hands

Leonardo da Vincis Study of Hands This beautiful sketch of three hands is in the Royal Library at Windsor Castle exemplifies Leonardo da Vincis intense attention to, even fascination with, anatomical correctness and the effects of light and shadow. At the bottom, one hand is folded underneath another, more developed one, as if resting in a lap. That lightly-sketched hand seems to be the ghost of the top hand, which holds a sprig of some sort of plant   the outline of the thumb is nearly identical. These two highly developed hands are worked up with dark crosshatchings and white chalk highlights, creating a sense of mass even on a sheet of paper. In each, everything from the muscles of thumb-pads to the wrinkles of skin along the joints of the fingers is depicted with the utmost care. Even when Leonardo lightly sketches the rest of the forearm or the ghost hand, his lines are deft and confident, showing how much he strove to depict the human form correctly. Although the first instance of his studies of anatomy and dissection is not until 1489, in the Windsor manuscript B,  his interest in the subject would no doubt have been bubbling just beneath the surface, and it is certainly evident in this sketch. Leonardo seemed to draw his ideas and notes as they came to him, and in this vein, we also see a lightly sketched head of an old man in the upper left corner; perhaps one of those quick caricatures of a man whose peculiar features struck him as he passed. Many scholars take this sketch as a preliminary study for  The Portrait of a Lady,  who could very possibly be the famous Renaissance beauty Ginevra de Benci, in the National Gallery, Washington, D.C. Although Giorgio  Vasari tells us that Leonardo did indeed create a portrait of Ginevra- an extremely beautiful painting, he tells us- there is no outright evidence that she is, indeed, Ginevra. Additionally, while there is clear evidence that the portrait had been cut down,  there is no further documentation or other drawings that would definitively allow us to say that these hands are hers. Nevertheless, the National Gallery has created a composite image of the sketch and the portrait. Ginevra de Benci is an important Renaissance figure, and John Walker  of the National Galler has argued convincingly that she is the subject of Leonardos portrait. Born into an extremely wealthy and well-connected Florentine family,  Ginevra was a talented poet and friends with Lorenzo de Medici himself. If this is indeed Ginevra, the portrait is further complicated by its patron. While it could have possibly been commissioned in celebration of her marriage to Luigi Niccolini, there is also a possibility that it was commissioned by her possibly platonic lover Bernardo Bembo.  Indeed, no less than three poets, including the aforementioned Lorenzo de Medici himself, wrote of their affair.  There is another sketch dubiously attached to the Ginevra portrait,  Young Woman Seated in a Landscape with a Unicorn, in the Ashmolean Museum; the unicorns presence, like the credo on the verso of the painting (beauty adorns virtue), speak to her innocence and virtue. Sources and Further Reading Giorgio Vasari, The Life of Leonardo da Vinci, Florentine Painter and Sculptor,  The Lives of the Artists, trans. Julia Conaway Bondanella and Peter Bondanella (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 293.Walker, John. Ginevra de Benci  by Leonardo da Vinci.  Report Studies in the History of Art.  Washington: National Gallery of Art, 1969: 1-22.

Managing High Quality Healthcare Research Paper

Managing High Quality Healthcare - Research Paper Example This research paper describes the †bloodless medicine† in medical care and surgeries and states that usually a medical practitioner or healthcare facility cannot perform any medical care procedures or treatment plan that requires patient’s informed consent. It is the responsibility of the attending physician to inform the patient of the planned course of medical treatment and procedures for the patient to be guided in making a knowledge-based decision on what to accept or what to refuse. However, in medical cases where critical blood loss posed a serious threat to life, most practitioners generally recommend blood transfusion as the best medical treatment and as the only life saving measure. In times of emergencies where patient is unconscious and a life-saving decision is to be made, it is also the moral and ethical duty of the attending doctor to protect and save the life of the patient. A blood transfusion is given to the patient without consent, overriding the will or directive of the patient. Incidents like these, often led to conflicts and court cases between the patient and the clinic. The Patient’s Bill of Rights and the Code of Medical Ethics provide a framework that fosters a better understanding and friendly relationship between the patient and the doctor as well as the healthcare institution. Through the collaborative effort of the medical society and medical scientists, the dilemma of a religious group are being taken care of, giving impetus to the evolution of non-blood surgery and medical treatment.

A reflection paper on a book chapter Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A reflection on a book chapter - Research Paper Example The traditional approach of making comparison in relation to politics employed speculative and normative tools, with Aristotle leading in that pursuit. This comparison made up the pre-modern comparative politics. While the specific start of modernity remains a diverse debate, comparative politics in the modern times dates back to the emergence of various social science disciplines like sociology and political science (Caramani, 2008; Ch.1). Following this, political science is regarded as a young professional practice due to the fact that modernity is associated with the 21st Century. On the other hand, post-modernism is seemingly an upgrade of classical modernity. In this case, political comparisons are systematic and clearly organized, thus the argument that post-modernism is a stage within the process of modernity. This whole pursuit cannot fail to importantly account for political influence across the identified three periods prior to modernity. Contributions towards comparative politics are diverse and dynamic. History has it that many historians and modernists have the shaped comparative politics over time. The highlighted individuals in Chapter One; The Evolution of Comparative Politics are just but a few who have significantly contributed towards the evaluation and assessment of comparative politics throughout pre-modern, modern and post-modern times (Caramani, 2008; Ch.1). Although political undertakings are one of the most volatile practices in the contemporary world, the ideas, concepts and theories aired in the chapter are still relevant. The contemporary times in political context can be said to be modern in nature and paving way to post-modernism. Systematic comparisons of political aspects are evident today, with key players in the political field drawing relevant political concepts from political experts of the past. Therefore, the applicability of political comparisons in current times remains a significant

Provide support to maintain and develop skills for everyday life Essay Example for Free

Provide support to maintain and develop skills for everyday life Essay Skills for everyday life allow people to do the things that meet their daily needs. These are also known as activities of daily living that have a direct affect on any individual’s health and well-being. It is often thought that care workers look after people by doing things for them. Another approach is to do things with people. Today care workers should work in partnership with individuals and groups of individuals. Partnership is about working together as equals in order to : -Support the individual to make as many decisions about their care as possible -Support the individual to do as much for themselves as possible. Activities of daily living – skills that directly affect an individual’s everyday health and well- being Partnership – working together as equals. Working in partnership can maintain and develop individual skills . Care workers can still involve the individual even when doing things for them. They consider individual needs when maintaining skills for everyday life. Doing things for individuals: Providing too much care can make people’s problems worse: Individuals can lose skills they once used Individuals do not learn new skills -Individuals do not regain skills they have lost. Read more:  Outline Agreed Ways of Working That Relate to Managing Pain and Discomfort At different stages of life individuals might have different health problems that affect their skills for everyday life.Being aware of the activities of daily living helps care workers understand the problems that individuals might have. Problems with everyday living skills: -Physical health ( Feeling unwell such as with a fever leads to tiredness and inability to carry on with the usual activities of daily living. -Learning disabilities (An individual with learning disabilities might take longer to learn new everyday skills) -Mental health (An individual with mental health problems might neglect themselves so they do not eat and drink) People may not be strong enough to dress themselves or prepare their own meals. -Physical disability (Some physical disabilities prevent individuals  going shopping unsupported) -Social isolation (An individual who is lonely is less likely to communicate with others) Care workers can develop their understanding of an individual’s condition and how best to work in partnership to maintain, regain and develop their skills.If a condition prevents an individual from using skills of everyday life, the result can have a significant impact on the person’s quality of life. The effect of conditions on everyday skills: -Pain -Inconvenience -Isolation -Humiliation -Distress -Discomfort

The Time Machine :: Free Essay Writer

The Time Machine The Time Traveller had built a time machine that would allow him to journey through time. He traveled into the future to the year 802,700. It is an extremely different world. It seemed almost utopian-like populated by a childish people, the Eloi. He studied and observed these creatures. Then his time machine was stolen. It is then when he discovers the existence of another people, the vicious Morlocks. Unlike, the nonchalant Eloi, the Morlocks live in desperation and must survive by cannibalism. It seems like a Capitalist system gone wrong with the upper class (Eloi) and the lower class (Morlocks). The lazy rich would play and relax all day becoming frail and helpless. Meanwhile, the poor were living underground and began to hunt the Eloi. The theory that a proletariat driven to the depths will devour the upper class is exemplified. While in search of his time machine, the Time Traveller learned about this future world. He befriends an Eloi, who he named Weena. Then he himself was hunted by the Morlocks. He escaped by scaring them with fire. The Morlocks had hidden his machine. He finally found it and returned back to his own time and home in England. The Time Machine certainly makes you think. We picture the future as very advanced and evolved with much more technology than we have now. But in this novel, the reader can see that the progress of mankind could almost go in a cycle. We start off at a low level and as a species, we grow and evolve becoming more advanced. We can only reach a certain peak before we go back down again, which is what happened to the Eloi and the Morlocks. It is interesting to note that technology is not what saved the Time Traveller from these future people. It was fire. Fire scared and killed the Morlocks. In this future, there is no sign of knowledge and what was learned in all of the years of the past. The museums, which are supposed to be filled with all of mankind's greatest achievements, were all in ruins. No one seemed to care.

What is the Impact of Downsizing

As the studies below indicate, layoffs have a number of negative effects not only on workers in different industries, but also on their communities and the market as a whole. Although it has been said that downsizing can be economically beneficial to companies, the following shows that there are two sides to this issue. Over the past decade, the workplace has altered considerably in terms of job stability. People have either experienced layoffs firsthand or directly known someone else who was impacted by re-engineering, downsizing, outsourcing or acquisition. For employees adversely affected by these changes or for those who do not completely understand why these changes are occurring, the effects can be very disturbing and impact both their personal and job life. A variety of different industries have been impacted by layoffs, not only manufacturing. For example, hospitals like other companies and nonprofit organizations have experienced downsizing that has negatively impacted healthcare employees with varying degrees of psychological distress and poor health. In a 2002 study, Greenglass, Burke and Fiksenbaum showed that restructuring and its changes can result in lower job satisfaction and job insecurity. The researchers studied the relationship between impact of restructuring, job satisfaction, job insecurity and absenteeism in nurses. The results were similar to earlier studies indicating that job insecurity can often have harmful consequences for individuals. Job insecurity has frequently been reported to lead to decreased psychological well-being (Dekker & Schaufeli, 1995; Ferrie et al. , 1998). In a study of Finnish employees, Kinnunen et al. 2000) reported that job insecurity, which led to negative relationships with colleagues and superiors, was still being noted at least one year after the event. The respondents of the Greenglass study, who consisted of 1,363 nurses employed in hospitals that were undergoing extensive restructuring, first filled out a self-report anonymous questionnaire. Results of this study demonstrated that the impact of hospital restructuring had a direct effect on job satisfaction, which in turn then had a pointedly negative impact on absenteeism and on job insecurity. In addition, the study found that the more the nurses believed hospital restructuring had lowered the quality of health care and had had a negative impact on working conditions, the less likely they were to experience job satisfaction and the more apt to report feelings of job insecurity. Findings further demonstrated that job satisfaction functioned as a intermediary between the impact of restructuring and job insecurity: That is, lower job satisfaction resulting from a greater impact of restructuring led to decreased job security. The impact of restructuring also placed an indirect effect on absenteeism through job satisfaction. The lower the job satisfaction, resulting from restructuring, the more likely the nurses were to be miss work. These results were similar to prior studies that linked layoffs with an increased amount of job insecurity. Campbell-Jamieson, Worrall, & Cooper (2001), for instance, compared responses from managers in three different business settings: organizations that restructured and downsized in the previous year, those firms that restructured without downsizing, and companies that had not restructured. Managers in organizations that had downsized had less job security, lower organizational commitment and reduced morale. Research has also demonstrated that reorganization can lead to greater emotional turmoil, including such feelings as anger, anxiety, cynicism and resentment (O'Neill & Lenn, 1995). Burke & Nelson (1997) found that this is most likely the result of a variety of negative observations throughout the restructuring, such as the belief that workers were treated unfairly, the psychological contract was eroded, and future employment would be insecure. The findings by Greenglass additionally showed that the restructuring impacts job insecurity in both direct and indirect ways. In other words, an effect of downsizing is lower satisfaction with one's job. This is most probably the result of disillusionment as well as feelings of being let down by the company and uncertainty about one's employment in the future. Decreased job satisfaction then leads to lower job security. The researchers do note, however, that these increased feelings of disillusionment and decreased feelings of job satisfaction and job security can be reduced if the organization's administration does its best to offer support, information sharing, and input into decision-making. To the degree that healthcare workers believe they are important to the hospital and that the institution cares about them and their opinions, the effects of restructuring can be considerably decreased. The impact of downsizing on workers is a combination of both the psychological and physical. Kivimaki et. al (2000) conducted a study to explore the underlying mechanisms between organizational downsizing and deterioration of health of employees. He found negative changes in work are associated with the declining support from aspouse, and increased prevalence of smoking. Sickness absence rate from all causes was 2. 17 times higher after major downsizing than after minor downsizing. Adjustment for changes in work, for instance, physical demands, job control, and job insecurity, diminished the linkages between downsizing and sickness absence by 49 percent. Adjustments for impaired social support or increased smoking did not change the relationship between downsizing and absence from illness. Such conclusions were unaffected by sex and income. Kivimaki concluded that the exploration of potential mediating issues offers new knowledge concerning the possible causal pathways connecting organizational downsizing and health. Downsizing results in changes in work, social relationships, and health-related behaviors. The noticeable increase in certificated sickness absence was partially explained by simultaneous increases in physical demands and job insecurity and a decline in job control. A reduction of employees leads to a number of negative effects; the closing of an entire plant or business can even result in greater problems. The recent economic history of Cleveland County, North Carolina, has been distinguished by factory closings, business layoffs, and significant unemployment rates. More than 3,500 workers have lost their jobs in this area in the last four years. This, in fact, may even be an underestimation, since it applies to events that involve 50 or more workers at a time. Many other smaller firms have fired workers as well. Such numbers are extremely significant since the county's labor force only numbered around 42,000 workers to begin with. Layoffs have been devastating to workers and their families. In the very best cases, unemployed workers were able to find other work, but normally there was a temporary loss of income and a reduction in pay. In the worst situations, these workers remained unemployed forever, either because they lacked the necessary skills for available jobs or believed themselves too old to move or go back to school. In such situations, economic dislocation also creates problems for the greater community. When unemployment rates rise, there is an increased demand for services at a time when communities are experiencing sharp declines in tax income. These decreases often result in poorer quality education, a deteriorating infrastructure, and larger welfare rolls, which make it more difficult to attract new businesses to the area. Thus, it is not always just the employees who are impacted when there is restructuring. A literature review of downsizing studies by Farrell (2000) also showed the connection between downsizing and the impact on market orientation. Specifically, his report gave evidence that (1) trust and commitment are keys to understanding the exchanges between a company and its workers; (2) the form of restructuring strategy will impact upon the degree of trust between personnel and senior management (Mishra and Mishra 1994) and will also directly effect the firm's market orientation; (3) the type of downsizing strategy and trust level will directly impact worker commitment to the firm's goals of creating high-quality customer value; and (4) employee commitment to such company values will impact the level of market orientation (Narver, Slater and Tietje 1998). Survivors of downsizing are impacted as well, as seen in a number of studies. In a longitudinal study, Moore, Grunberg and Greenberg compared 1,244 white- and blue-collar workers who recalled either zero, one, or two exposures with layoffs; all participants were personnel of a major industrial company that had had several large episodes of layoffs. They found that employees with the greatest number of contacts with downsizing both direct, or personally targeted, and indirect, coworkers laid off, noted considerably lower levels of job security and higher levels of role ambiguity, desire to leave their jobs, depression and health concerns. Contrary to what some others had thought, their findings did not support the notion that workers more quickly recover as they encounter a larger number of downsizing episodes. They also found only partial evidence that the similarity-that is, either repeated direct or repeated indirect layoff contact–or dissimilarity-that is, a combination of direct and indirect contacts–of the form of repeated downsizing exposure played a role in the amount to which personnel noted changes in outcome variables. Similarly, Masi (2000) looked at several pervasive ideas: First, that negative effects on the employees' morale who have survived downsizing may be so harmful to overall productivity that they overshadow any immediate economic gains the workforce reductions may bring. Second, those managers who are capable of eliciting trust and organizational commitment among employees as well as generally good labor relations may largely reduce or even eliminate the possible ill-effects of downsizing. Third, is it true as a number of political economists who are critical of the free-market model in the U. S. have argued that a crucial factor in helping reduce the fears and anxieties caused by industrial layoffs is the degree of employment and/or income security available to employees outside their current place of work? Fourth, recent research concerning the presence of unions suggests that the overall character of the industrial relations system will strengthen or weaken the negative effects of downsizing. In his article, Masi reported findings from a Swedish-Canadian comparison of blue-collar manufacturing workers who had been exposed to various kinds of change, including downsizing. The results provided strong support for the belief that experience with layoffs has a strong negative impact on survivor concerns everywhere. Simultaneously, there is also some evidence supporting that the amount of externally provided security has some mitigating effect on survivor worries, and the presence of unions within a strongly adversarial system of labor relations can increase such concerns. However, the quality of labor-management does not seem to have much of a helpful effect on the negative impact of downsizing. In the future, as downsizing continues, additional studies will have to be conducted to determine long-range impacts on individuals, their families, communities and the economy as a whole.

Apple Business Strategy Analysis

| Brief description of PC and Smartphone’s industry Smartphones| Company| Market share| Key success factors| Android| 68,1%| * software * innovation * synchronization with google account| Apple| 16,9%| * design * style * size * capacity * software * download facility * distribution| Blackberry| 4,8%| * reliability * carrier friendly * design| Nokia| 4,4%| * price efficiency * reliability * distribution * client's service| PC| Company| Market share| Key success factors| HP| 17,2%| * reliability * client's service * hardware * fingerprint reader| Lenovo| 13,0%| * design * price friendly|Dell| 12,1%| * design * extended product line * worldwide client's support * reliability| Acer| 11,2%| * price effiency| Asus| 5,9%| * design * price friendly| Tablets| Apple| 61,4%| * design * processor * weight * storage * capacity * style| Samsung| 7,5%| * innovation * design * capacity | The worldwide sales of tablets are almost doubled in 2012 and PC market slightly decreases as a whole. Wit h the launch of iPad2 more customers switched to buying alternative device or PC looks like tablets. Apple iOS takes 61,4% of worldwide tablet sales.Samsung is on the second place with 7,5%. Resources of Apple. Potential for scale, experience and scope economies Strong know-how, RFS, RMS, new Product Development Programme, together with skilled human resources represents well integrated resources of the company. Diversified product line and high quality software and hardware allow sharing the resources of the company among existing businesses. This may create economies of scope, which saves costs. The size of the company, level of innovations, design and strong brand name gives to Apple competitive advantage.Company uses economies of scale, having achieved multi channel marketing and mostly cut the middleman and this is decreases the costs and increases the margin to Apple and consequently lower costs for the customers. Strengths of Apple. Core competencies Due to financial strength and inherited hardware and software company was able to extend product line and created a new market instead of displacing existing one. Apple relies on a new Product Development Program of Kaizen in the product offer keeping in this way high loyalty of the customers and meeting their needs.Core competence consists of constant innovations and creating added value for customers in terms of innovative design and technology Strategic fit of Apple Key success factors Core pompetence| Style| Size| Software| Download facility| Design| 5| 5| 5| 5| Quality| 5|   | 5|   | Capacity|   |   |   | 5| We observe strong fit between company’s core competencies and key success factors. Apple develops the program of constant improvement of the product as well as use experience which is resulted is extremely high performance and flourishing of the company. SWOT analysis for Apple | Opportunities;Time| | Short-medium term| Medium-long term|Strengths| Innovative Design | Strong brand L eading market position of digital market| Weaknesses| Simple immitation| Cannibalisation| Vision ; Mission Vision: * Keep leading position at the worldwide market * Focused on the future * Penetrate the markets where company can make big contribution to society Mission: * Design best personal computers * Innovations in digital music with (iPod, iTunes online stores) * Innovation of iPhone and iPad in terms of favorable market conditions * Design and develop own operating system, hardware, application software * Design new customer products with superior easy-of-use R;D Apple’s objectives Objectives: In a line with company’s mission presumably Apple is mostly focused on non-financial objectives such as constant improving of the product offer and quality of the devices, expanding of distribution network to reach more targeted customers * Innovation: shorten the innovation cycle to 12 months * Quality: Keizer mantra Apple Strategy overview | Products-markets| Vertical Int egration| Internationalization| Diversification| International Development| Expansion of distribution hannels creat best pc, portable digital music, mobile communication, iPad3| Vertical integration into retail combined with online store and iTunes Store| Growth shift outside US because of global demand for iPhone, iPads mainly to Asia Pacific, Europe, Japan Apple Stores expansion aimed internationally| increasing number of iOS devices – iPhones Macs iPads iPods| Mergers;Acquizition  | Security hardware and software for PCs and mobile devicesFlash memory| AuthenTecAnobit (Israel) |   -|   -| Strategic Alliances  | Market alliances in the supply chain and designn development|   -|   -|   -|In terms of Mergers ; Acquisitions company tends to have conservative trends. Company leaves to be more focused on innovative technologies to make their product unique.

Participation Exercise #2 Example

Participation Exercise #2 Example Participation Exercise #2 – Assignment Example Participation Exercise #2 Conducting a salary survey provides an avenue for the collection of data essential in planning, understanding the actual remuneration that one deserves on specific jobs in specific industries and easing employers in rating their work force. The survey allows members to have comparisons of the different compensation packages through which the value of education becomes assessed and ascertained. The survey covered other regions too involving China, and other Middle East countries to provide for a comparative analysis of the packages within and outside the US. Other countries too were considered in the survey with over 81 across the world providing their response with different countries showing different response levels. The response rate covered a higher number of female respondents in Asia while the other regions balanced well in relation to gender. These provide for inclusivity in the study that provides a more widely considered level of analysis after coll ection of data. The majority of the respondents held baccalaureate degrees with over 98% with those in the European countries found to have more advanced degrees with Certified Management Accountant designations (2014 Global Salary Survey, p.4). Conducting these surveys proves essential in the provision of data on salaries in different fields. These have provided for a better understanding of the fields of study that students engage in when pursuing careers and choices of the places to work. The salary surveys have allowed for fairness in the fields of work. Such surveys provide information banks for various research surveys and for employers to understand the value of the skills they hire. The employees have information for deciding where to work and the remunerations to expect in their work life. Work cited:2014 Global Salary Survey, 2014 Global Salary Survey, The Association of Accountants and Financial Professionals in Business. IMA, Viewed on April 19, 2015 from imanet.org/docs /default-source/default-document-library/2014-globalsalarysurvey_final-draft.pdf?sfvrsn=2%20(Links%20to%20an%20external%20site.)

Analysing Descartes Meditation On First Philosophy Philosophy Essay

Analysing Descartes Meditation On First Philosophy Philosophy Essay Renà © Descartes, in his work of Meditation on First Philosophy, sets the foundation for modern philosophy. Through the distinct style of writing in first person narrative, Descartes introduces radical skepticisms, proves the existence of God, distinguishes the soul from the body, and establishes levels of certainty in knowing the material world. With the Meditations intending to be a guide to exercising intellectual understanding and practice, there is a strong connection between the literary form and philosophical content, as one supplements the other. The use of meditation and narrative is especially important in delivering and emphasizing Descartes’ arguments on first philosophy because it offers an epistemological journey for the reader to undertake and experience along with the narrator. Meditation is an introspective process that involves the mind turning back in and upon itself, withdrawing from the material world and focusing attention inward. Traditionally, works o f meditation are meant to be guides for spiritual exercises, especially in the Christian religion, and not for intellectual or philosophical purposes. However, Descartes departs from this tradition and employs meditation as a way to detach the minds from external influences, to think and analyze philosophy from the original foundations. This is emphasized in the preface to the reader, where Descartes writes â€Å"I do not advise anyone to read these things except those who have both ability and the desire to meditate seriously with me, and to withdraw their minds from the senses as well as from all prejudices† (52). This leads into Meditation One, with the introduction of method of doubt to free the mind and demolish deception. As well, meditation is aimed to achieve self-transformation, and this is demonstrated throughout work as Descartes transforms the readers’ ways of thinking and understanding. Descartes uses first person narrative to engage and relate to the read ers. As the narrator and guide, Descartes is the embodiment of the general audience, sharing many of the same characteristics and motivations as the readers. For instance, the readers can easily identify with events such as dreaming and questions such as the existence of God. With this, Descartes can take on the challenge of demonstrating how the process of self-transformation in thinking and understanding unfolds through his own experiences. He writes, â€Å"I will first of all narrate in the Meditations the very thoughts by means of which I seem to have arrived at a certain and evident knowledge of the truth† with the intention that â€Å"the same arguments that persuaded me can be useful in persuading others† (52). Therefore, the readers, when reading the Meditations, will be able to experience a similar psychological and epistemological journey in understanding first philosophy. The Meditation begins with the introduction of the method of doubt in Meditation One. R ealizing many of his former opinions are falsehoods, and how subsequent opinions are built upon them, Descartes notes the need to doubt the truth of everything, and â€Å"raze everything to the ground and began again from the original foundations, if I wanted to establish anything firm and lasting in the sciences† (59). This architectural metaphor of razing and establishing serves to introduce Descartes’ purpose in building a firm groundwork for rational scientific inquiry and modern philosophy that cannot be further doubted. Since it is not practical to show all opinions are false individually, it is sufficient to â€Å"attack straightaway those principles which supported everything,† â€Å"because undermining the foundation will cause whatever has been built upon them to crumble of its own accord† (60). And Descartes does this through three levels of doubt: perception, dreaming, and God’s deceive.

Effect of stigma on people with mental illness in the UK Dissertation

Effect of stigma on people with mental illness in the UK - Dissertation Example The intention of this study is mental illness as one of the major concerns in global disease burden. It has a significant impact in the quality of life of people suffering from mental illness and yet there is the prevalence of low levels of treatment seeking and follow-through among patients. This situation poses a crucial concern since it places patients in higher risks, and at the same time, it curtails the effort of heath care providers, such as nurses, in giving the appropriate care to mentally ill patients. One major identified reason why mentally ill patients do not seek treatment or attend follow up is stigma. Stigma is ‘a social construction that defines people in terms of a distinguishing characteristic or mark and devalues them as a consequence’. The categories create an invisible demarcation separating people with the distinguishing mark from those who do not. However, it is not just attributes but language, labelling, also plays a critical role in fortifying the distinction As such, stigma perpetuates the divide between the person that is labelled as deviant from the person that is deemed normal. In this context, stigma is ‘a collection of negative attitudes, beliefs, thoughts, and behaviors that influence the individual, or the general public, to fear, reject, avoid, be prejudiced, and discriminate against people with mental disorders’. Thus, stigma contributes to the continued exclusion and dehumanisation of people who are suffering from mental illness.... In this regard, this study intends to address the question what are the effects of stigma on people with mental illness in the UK? Rationale Stigma is one of the major reasons why people with mental disorders does not seek treatment, are reluctant in attending follow through and are experiencing continued exclusion and dwindling quality of life (Lauber & Satorious 2007; Pinto-Foltz & Logsdon 2008; Ross & Goldner 2009). This condition gives rise to the urgency of the need to attain a better understanding of the effects of stigma to people who are suffering from mental disorders. This is essential in order to authentically address their predicament, and create a platform wherein their voices may be expressed and heard. In addition, this study is vital as it helps in clarifying the possible role of nursing in de-stigmatisation of people with mental illness. Aims and Objectives Recognising the significant influences of stigma in the life of people with mental illness and its implications in the nursing practise, the research aims the following. To identify the effect of stigma to people with mental disorders To determine the approaches being undertaken to address the issue of stigma vis-a-vis mental illness To establish the role of nurses in stigmatisation and de-stigmatisation of patients with mental illness To understand the function of language in the context of stigma To know the extent of the changes in the perception of stigma vis-a-vis people with mental disorders Overview Fig. 1 Overview As stigma is a social construct and phenomenon that afflicts and affects the life of people with mental disorders, it also influences the family, community, health care providers and